Most distant cosmic jet discovered 13 billion light-years away

It has taken 13 billion years for the light from the powerful jets of a distant object to reach us.

These jets, the most distant known source of radio emission to date, are coming from a recently discovered quasar that existed when the universe was only 780 million years old, an adolescent on the astronomical timescale.

Quasars are the bright objects found at the center of some galaxies and are known as some of the most luminous objects in the universe. They are powered by supermassive black holes.

These insatiable black holes gobble up surrounding gas. As they chow down, the black holes release energy. This energy forms jets that emit light in radio wavelengths, streaming out bright beacons from the distant universe.

This newly found quasar has been designated as P172+18. The jets are blasting out material at nearly the speed of sound.

Two giant radio galaxies found with the MeerKAT telescope. In the background is the sky as seen in optical light. Overlaid in red is the radio light from the enormous radio galaxies, as seen by MeerKAT. Left: MGTC J095959.63+024608.6. Right: MGTC J100016.84+015133.0.

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Given the quasar’s distance, which is 13 billion light-years away, astronomers are seeing the object as it existed in the early days of the universe, which could provide more insight about galaxy and black hole evolution.

This isn’t the most distant quasar ever found, but it’s the first with telltale jets dating back this early in the universe’s history. It’s a “radio-loud” quasar, meaning its jets are bright in radio wavelengths. Only about 10% of quasars discovered fall into this category.

The supermassive black hole feeding this quasar is 300 million times more massive than our sun.

The study published Monday in The Astrophysical Journal.

Clues of the early universe

“The black hole is eating up matter very rapidly, growing in mass at one of the highest rates ever observed,” said study author Chiara Mazzucchelli, astronomer at the European Southern Observatory in Chile, in a statement.

https://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1923-ssc2008-10a-A-Roadmap-to-the-Milky-Way Like early explorers mapping the continents of our globe, astronomers are busy charting the spiral structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Using infrared images from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists have discovered that the Milky Way's elegant spiral structure is dominated by just two arms wrapping off the ends of a central bar of stars. Previously, our galaxy was thought to possess four major arms. This artist's concept illustrates the new view of the Milky Way, along with other findings presented at the 212th American Astronomical Society meeting in St. Louis, Mo. The galaxy's two major arms (Scutum-Centaurus and Perseus) can be seen attached to the ends of a thick central bar, while the two now-demoted minor arms (Norma and Sagittarius) are less distinct and located between the major arms. The major arms consist of the highest densities of both young and old stars; the minor arms are primarily filled with gas and pockets of star-forming activity. The artist's concept also includes a new spiral arm, called the "Far-3 kiloparsec arm," discovered via a radio-telescope survey of gas in the Milky Way. This arm is shorter than the two major arms and lies along the bar of the galaxy. Our sun lies near a small, partial arm called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur, located between the Sagittarius and Perseus arms.

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It’s likely that rapidly growing supermassive black holes like this one and the radio jets from quasars like P172+18, are related. The jets themselves could actually disturb gas that’s around the black hole and cause more of it to drop inside. This could help astronomers understand how some black holes from the early universe were able to grow so quickly.

“I find it very exciting to discover ‘new’ black holes for the first time, and to provide one more building block to understand the primordial Universe, where we come from, and ultimately ourselves,” Mazzucchelli said.

“Jets have a role in regulating star formation and the growth of their host galaxies, so this discovery is valuable to understanding these processes in the early universe,” said study author Chris Carilli, chief scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, in a statement. “The jets at that time also propelled atoms and magnetic fields into what had been pristine space between the galaxies.”

Artist's conception of the quasar J0313--1806, seen as it was only 670 million years after the Big Bang.

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Multiple telescopes and observatories, including the Magellan Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (also in Chile), the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Very Large Array in New Mexico and the Keck Observatory in Hawaii all contributed to the discovery of the quasar and its jets.

Astronomers can use these quasars to learn more about objects closer to Earth as well because they act like beacons, the researchers said.

This quasar could be just the first of many that astronomers may find in the distant universe.

“This discovery makes me optimistic and I believe — and hope — that the distance record will be broken soon,” said study author Eduardo Ba?ados, astrophysicist at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany, in a statement.