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Samara Private Game Reserve: How one family's rewilding project returned big cats to the Great Karoo
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Meet the man who swam through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Editor’s Note: Call to Earth is a CNN initiative in partnership with Rolex. Vreni H?ussermann is a Rolex Laureate.
CNN
—
On the Pacific fringes of Chile lies a biological haven. Along the Patagonian coast, surrounded by majestic snow-capped mountains, corals live among some of the deepest fjords in the world. New species are being discovered here; there are still areas waiting to be documented. But even as the reefs’ secrets reveal themselves, there is trouble in paradise.
Chilean-German biologist Vreni H?ussermann arrived in Chilean Patagonia in the late 1990s to explore what she calls “one of the last wildernesses on Earth.”
H?ussermann was a student at the University of Munich when an exchange program gave her the chance to study for a year in the city of Concepcion, central Chile.
For her thesis, she set out on a six-month drive along the country’s long coastline with research partner Gunter Forsterra, who is now her husband.
They dived frequently along the way, and H?ussermann was intrigued by the possibilities of Patagonia. “It was the most beautiful, least known region,” she recalls.
The isolated fjords were created by the Pacific inundating deep valleys once carved by glaciers, and the region’s coastline is some 80,000 kilometers long – twice the circumference of the Earth. It’s the job of a lifetime and a lifetime’s work. Fortunately, she and Forsterra, have had a permanent base since 2003 at Huinay Scientific Field Station in Comau Fjord from which to launch their studies.
Together they have discovered more than 100 new species of sea life,including many corals and anemones. But they say the ecosystem has changed profoundly since they began.
H?ussermann says they witnessed a rapid growth in the number of salmon farms operating at the fjord. Fish feces and uneaten food pellets from the farms act as a fertilizer, according to Forsterra, “changing the nutrient environment in the water dramatically.”
“You get algae blooms,” Forsterra explains, “you get a depletion in oxygen in the water.” He says this can have a dramatic impact, changing entire food chains.
“We have on one side salmon farming, fishing, shellfish harvesting, but also climate change,” says H?ussermann. Landslides from the steep mountainsides covered in temperate rainforest also have an effect, she adds, as does volcanic activity, causing methane and sulfur emissions from underwater crevasses.
“All this overlays,” H?ussermann explains. “It’s really hard to track what is the reason for each change, but we’re definitely seeing drastic changes in biodiversity.”
“These changes,” she adds, “are definitely too fast to be natural.”
Chile is the world’s second-biggest salmon producer, with exports worth an estimated $5 billion in 2018.
Esteban Ramírez is general manager of salmon research at Salmón Chile, an association of producers and suppliers. He told CNN in an email that feces and uneaten pellets from salmon farms are a potential source of nutrients in the water, but argues that in most cases the nutrient increase is localized around the farms.
He added that the industry operates within strict environmental regulations and has implemented technologies to mitigate any negative impacts. He says any impact on biodiversity is “multifactorial,” citing “climate change, pollution and other anthropogenic factors.”
“We continually work on prevention, innovation and research to reduce any environmental impact,” he said.
“We have many species that haven’t been described”
H?ussermann and Forsterra’sjob has become taxonomy – the discovery and classification of species – against the clock. “(Taxonomy is) a general problem in the world,” she says. “We have many, many more species that haven’t been described, compared to the ones that have … and there will unfortunately be a lot of species that will never be described before they go extinct.”
“We are trying to really inventory the region to find what lives here, where does it live, what conditions does it need for life, (and) how are things changing with climate change,” H?ussermann adds.
Vreni H?ussermann has explored the waters off Chilean Patagonia for over 20 years. Here she shares images of some of the wildlife in the region, including previously undocumented species.
Pictured: An unknown sea fan called a gorgonian, of the genus Acanthogorgia and potentially new species, requiring further study.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Left: Isoparactis fabiani, a sea anemone first described in 2008 and named after H?ussermann's son Fabian. Right: Isoparactis fionae, a sea anemone first described in 2013 and named after H?ussermann's daughter Fiona.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
An unknown species of gorgonian of the genus Acanthogorgia, with an unknown and potentially new species of crab.
courtesy Roland Melzer
Caryophyllia huinayensis, a stony coral that was first described in 2005, by H?ussermann and her husband, co-researcher Gunter Forsterra.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Tethocyathus endesa, a stony coral found at depths up to 240 meters, first described in 2005, by H?ussermann and Forsterra.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Ectoprocta bryozoan Hornera, potentially a new species still being studied.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Polychaeta Apomatus, potentially a new species still being studied.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Opisthobranchia nudibranch Janolus, a new species in the process of being described by taxonomists.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Opisthobranchia nudibranch Doto, a new species in the process of being described by taxonomists.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Halopteris enersis, first described in 2006.
courtesy Horia Galea
Mesozoanthus fossii, an encrusted anemone first described in 2009.
Swiftia comauensis, a coral first described in 2015.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Gorgonian Thouarella, a new species in the process of being described by taxonomists.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Alcyonium jorgei, a species first described in 2007.
courtesy Vrenni Haussermann and Gunter Forsterra
Creatures from the deep: New species from Chilean Patagonia
Below the water surface there’s an abundance to study – and some of the findings could have global interest. As carbon dioxide levels increase in the Earth’s atmosphere, the world’s oceans are becoming more acidic. Shallow water corals in the fjords already live in conditions as acidic as the world’s oceans are predicted to be in 2100. They could offer potential insights into how corals elsewhere may function in the future.
Among the finds in the shallows are two new anemones, “Isoparactis fionae” and “Isoparactis fabiani,” named after H?ussermann and Forsterra’s daughter Fiona and son Fabian. “I think they should represent, for me, that the future generation needs to really care and needs to learn to care about the planet,” says H?ussermann.
Anemone "Isoparactis fionae," discovered in Chile and named after H?ussermann's daughter Fiona.
courtesy Vreni Haussermann
To explore the depths, they use a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) that can descend 500 meters. Their “big dream,” says H?ussermann, is to use a more advanced ROV to reach the bottom of the 1,300-meter deep Messier Channel south of Comau, which remains largely unexplored. “It would be unbelievable to see what’s down there,” she adds.
H?ussermann and Forsterra provide information to the government, which they say will contribute to Chilean Patagonia’s sustainable use and protection. H?ussermann says the ecosystem is still “so poorly known” – a factor, she believes, in why its plight is slipping below the radar.
Oftentimes when she shares photographs of the underwater flora with Chileans, H?ussermann says they are surprised this biodiversity is on their doorstep. “This is really the tragedy of the ocean: because even if all the life down there would be wiped out, nobody would see it,” she says. “It’s really important to bring these images to the people and show them the beauty.
“Only if people understand it, they will like it. And only if they like will they be interested in preserving it.”
