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Story highlights
Empire State Building is still the fastest built skyscraper of its height
Ryugyong Hotel in North Korea has held record for tallest unoccupied building for 21 years
London's 310-meter The Shard is highest building in the European Union
China may have just topped out on its new tallest building – the 632-meter Shanghai Tower – but if plans underway in Changsha come to fruition, that building will hold the title until only April 2014 when the country’s 838-meter Sky City is completed.
When that happens, Sky City will become the world’s tallest building, beating the Burj Khalifa in Dubai by 10 meters.
While people debate the merits of building so high so quickly – there’s evidence that tall buildings often presage an economic collapse – we wanted to take a look at other buildings that deserve browser time.
These aren’t the tallest buildings in the world, they aren’t the prettiest buildings in the world, they aren’t even the most successful – the inclusion of North Korea’s disastrous Ryugyong Hotel attests to that.
But they are among the most iconic, representing their designers and their cities as memorably as anything else.
To put together the list we collaborated with A. Eugene Kohn, founder and chairman of Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF), one of the world’s largest architectural firms, and Michael Greene, KPF principal.
Let us know what you think of our choices and tell us about your own favorite iconic buildings in the comments section below.
1. Empire State Building, New York
Height: 437 meters
Cost to build: $41 million
Completion date: May 1, 1931
Fast fact: The Empire State Building took only one year and 45 days to build, or 7 million man hours – a record to this day for a skyscraper of its height.
Its glory days are numbered though – developers in China just broke ground on the world’s tallest building, Sky City, with plans to whip it up in just 10 months.
“With the passing of the World Trade Center, it became even more entrenched in the hearts and souls of New Yorkers and the rest of the world.” – Michael Greene.
The 443-meter Empire State Building is the icon of New York, where Jay Z’s “dreams are made” and King Kong went berserk.
The Empire State Building was designed by William Lamb of architecture firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
Built during the Great Depression, this gigantic building has been an American symbol for 70 years, providing a solid anchor through the ebbs and flows of its economy.
It’s also the longest holder of the “World’s Tallest Building” title, from 1931 to 1972.
Its exterior lighting changes regularly to promote charitable causes and mark significant events and it’s one of the few skyscrapers to offer wedding packages at its observatory.
Empire State Building, 350 Fifth Ave., New York; +1 212 736 3100; Observatory open daily, 8 a.m-2 a.m., tickets from $27/adult, $21/child (6-12)
2. China Central Television Headquarters, Beijing
Height: 234 meters
Cost to build: $600 million
Completion date: 2012
Fast fact: A building in the CCTV complex was badly damaged during a fire ignited by fireworks.
Reportedly nicknamed “big boxer shorts” by a Beijing taxi driver, the CCTV headquarters looks like no other building on earth.
Designed by architects Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren of Rotterdam architecture firm OMA, it’s comprised of a continuous loop of six horizontal and vertical sections.
The design represents a running stream of “qi” in the building.
Given China’s monumental economic ambitions, the 234-meter-high structure is considered on the short side for a skyscraper.
But its light gray curtain of glass does blend in with the notoriously smoggy skyline of Beijing, earning this one of a kind skyscraper awards from the Cityscape World Architecture Congress in Dubai.
“Instead of competing in the race for ultimate height and style within a traditional two-dimensional tower ‘soaring’ skyward, CCTV’s loop poses a truly three-dimensional experience, culminating in a 75-meter cantilever,” says the firm behind it.
China Central Television Headquarters, Guanghua Road, Beijing
3. Commerzbank Headquarters, Frankfurt, Germany
Height: 300.1 meters
Cost to build: $414 million
Completion date: 1997
Fast fact: There’s no observatory or open area on top. The public can only get as far as the plaza level.
With the aid of a 50-meter mast, the Commerzbank Headquarters in Frankfurt soars past the 300-meter mark by a whopping 10 centimeters.
Designed by London-headquartered architecture firm Foster + Partners, the building is the tallest in Germany.
It was the tallest of all buildings in the European Union until London’s The Shard bumped it to second in 2012.
The Commerzbank Headquarters was the world’s first so-called ecological skyscraper, making use of natural systems of lighting and ventilation and reducing energy consumption as early as 1997.
In contrast to Europe’s conspicuous lack of grand skyscrapers, this building celebrates its rise above low-rise offices, making it not just a symbol of Frankfurt’s economy, but of Germany’s attempts to pioneer eco-architectural design.
Commerzbank Headquarters, Kaiserplatz 1, Frankfurt, Germany
4. The Shard, London
Height: 310 meters
Cost to build: $666 million
Completion date: November 2012
Fast fact: Architect Renzo Piano made the first rough sketch of The Shard on the back of a restaurant menu in Berlin in 2000.
In a city as architecturally mature as London, it takes something special to get eyeballs away from Westminster Palace, St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower of London.
The Shard did it, slicing up the skyline and the record books with its 310-meter height overtaking the Commerzbank Headquarters in Frankfurt by nine meters, to become the highest building in the European Union.
Its viewing floors, called The View from The Shard, offer views twice as high as any other viewing platform in London.
The Shard, Joiner Street; open 9 a.m.-10 p.m. daily (closed December 25); ￡24.95 ($38) for adult (￡29.95 purchase on the day); ￡18.95 for child between 4-15 (￡23.95 purchase on the day), free for infants younger than 4; +44 (0) 0844 499 7111
5. Elephant Tower, Bangkok
Height: 102 meters
Cost to build: NA
Completion date: 1997
Fast fact: The elephant is Thailand’s national animal, having appeared on the national flag when the country was known as Siam.
It’s no big shock then that someone would erect a pachyderm-inspired building in the big beast’s honor.
Hanging out in northern Bangkok’s Lad Phrao district, this 102-meter-high jumbo building, with eyes and tusks, towers above a busy junction.
As well as highlighting the importance of elephants in Thai culture and history, the Elephant Tower also nods toward Thailand’s coming-of-age.
The creation of Thai engineer Arun Chaiseri, at the time of its completion it was cutting edge, offering high-tech offices, a shopping plaza and a floor of luxury residential suites.
This one would never make a list of the most beautiful skyscrapers, but there’s no denying the Elephant Building’s place in local hearts.
Elephant Tower, 369/38 Phaholyothin 26 Chatuchak, Bangkok
6. Chrysler Building, New York
Height: 320 meters
Cost to build: $15-20 million
Completion date: May 1930
Fast fact: The building became the tallest in the world when architect William van Alen added a surprise 186-foot spire to the top, beating the Eiffel Tower and another skyscraper being built at the same time on Wall Street.
It kept its title of world’s tallest building for just 11 months (being beaten by the Empire State Building), but the Chrysler Building’s enduring legacy comes from its design.
William van Alen’s design for the art deco tower is often acclaimed as the most beautiful in New York, winning plaudits from experts and the public as a favorite building.
That it came about due to auto mogul Walter P. Chrysler’s ego – he financed the build himself and requested that his toilet be the highest in Manhattan, so, according to one observer, he could “s**t on Henry Ford and the rest of the world” – only adds to the legend.
The building pays more than a cursory nod to the Chrysler cars of the day, with gargoyles and other features on the building inspired by the hood ornaments and radiator caps on the automobiles.
Chrysler Building, 405 Lexington Ave., New York
7. Bitexco Financial Tower, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Height: 262 meters
Cost to build: $220 million
Completion date: October 31, 2010
Fast fact: Designed to represent Vietnam’s national flower, the lotus, this 262-meter skyscraper is meant to characterize the beauty and growth of the city below.
It has a helipad on the 52nd floor that juts out 22 meters.
The Bitexco Financial Tower may no longer be the tallest building in Vietnam – that honor goes to Hanoi’s Keangnam Landmark – but it’s still a standout on Ho Chi Minh City’s skyline.
It’s ambitious and in your face, much like its host city. No surprise, given it was designed by award-winning Ecuadorian architect Carlos Zapata.
There’s an observation deck on the 47th floor, the Saigon Skydeck, where visitors get a 360-degree view of HCMC.
Saigon Skydeck, 36 Ho Tung Mau St., District 1, HCMC, Vietnam; +84 (0)8 39 156 156; tickets from 200,000 VND/adult ($9.50), 130,000/child
8. Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea
Height: 330 meters
Cost to build: $750 million
Completion date: N/A
Fast fact: The hotel has held the Guinness World Record for world’s tallest unoccupied building for an unenviable 21 years.
The world’s tallest unoccupied building is undoubtedly an icon – though probably not one you’d wish to be associated with.
Symbolizing decades of mismanagement and incongruous ostentation, what was originally started in 1987 in preparation for a festival was abandoned due to construction problems and funding issues.
Construction re-commenced in 2008 when Egyptian telecommunications company Orascom shelled out $180 million to complete the building’s glass fa?ade.
Kempinski Hotels group got on board to manage the property, then distanced itself again earlier this year when Pyongyang threatened the possibility of nuclear attacks against the United States and South Korea.
The last reports on the hotel’s progress came from a Hong Kong journalist who escaped his chaperone in December 2012.
“When I stepped through scaffolding into the lobby and looked inside, there were no completed surfaces, just bare concrete and one electric light hanging down,” Simon Parry told CNN.
We can expect the spacecraft-like shell to remain grounded for the foreseeable future, with the European Chamber of Commerce concluding, after an inspection in the 1990s, that poor construction materials and technique rendered the building a write-off.
Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea; website (not official)
9. Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco
Height: 260 meters
Cost to build: $32 million
Completion date: 1972
Fast fact: When the Transamerica Pyramid’s three years of construction began in 1969, signs around the site proclaimed it “a San Francisco landmark since 1972.”
“The Transamerica Pyramid put San Francisco’s downtown on the map.” – Michael Greene.
A stark contrast to San Franciso’s picturesque wooden Victorian houses, this quartz-covered skyscraper juts into the sky like a rocket.
Though not comparable to today’s futuristic skyscrapers, the 260-meter pyramid was the city’s most recognizable building for decades.
Designed by architect William Pereira, the structure has an unconventional tapered design – imitating a tree trunk – that allows natural light and fresh air to trickle down to adjacent streets.
Without obstructing much of the tranquil neighborhood, this slender style, together with an earthquake-safe design, allowed the building to get around strict building laws in the city, reaching a height once unheard of in San Francisco.
The Transamerica Pyramid isn’t open to the public, though there’s a decent website with images and facts on the building.
Transamerica Pyramid, 505 Sansome St., San Francisco
10. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
Height: 367.4 meters
Cost to build: N/A
Completion date: May 1990
Fast fact: The building was criticized by feng shui masters for its sharp corners, which reportedly bring bad luck to its neighbors (notably the HSBC main building).
The Bank of China Tower was the first skyscraper outside of the United States to surpass the 305-meter mark and was once the tallest building in Hong Kong.
The unusual crystalline-like structure is inspired by the bamboo plant, mimicking its strength, vitality and growth.
Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei had to modify the design before construction began.
It has for years been one of the most distinctive buildings in Hong Kong, out-shining taller neighbors.
Together with Two IFC, the tower is part of the city’s Symphony of Light show, which illuminates Hong Kong’s harbor every night at 8 p.m.
The observation deck on the 43rd floor offers stunning views of Central, one of Hong Kong’s busiest districts.
Bank of China Tower, 1 Garden Road, Central, Hong Kong Island
11. Kingdom Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Height: 302 meters
Cost to build: $1 billion
Completion date: 2002
Fast fact: Riyadh’s building code forbids any building to have more than 30 usable floors, but doesn’t impose height restrictions. The big void near the top of the Kingdom Centre means the building uses only 30 floors.
The second floor of Kingdom Centre is dedicated to a Ladies’ Kingdom, a private shopping mall for women that’s said to have “almost everything a female would need” – including a ladies’ bank and ladies’ mosque.
Men are strictly not allowed, and women can shop freely without needing to be covered.
Designed by Minnesota-based firm Ellerbe Becket, the tower also houses the Four Seasons hotel and “the world’s tallest mosque” on the 77th floor in addition to offices and shopping malls.
The observation deck at the top of the tower has incredible views of the city on clear days.
Kingdom Centre, King Fahad Road, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
12. Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Height: 452 meters
Cost to build: $1.6 billion
Completion date: June 1996
Fast fact: National poet laureate A. Samad Said was commissioned to write a poem for the towers.
“These towers changed the skyline of Kuala Lumpur, and jumped the existing scale there dramatically. Petronas was also an attempt to relate a tall building to a country’s culture and history, and to make a statement about its power and desire to replace Hong Kong as a financial capital.” – A. Eugene Kohn.
Employing the repetitive geometric principle of Muslim architecture and Islamic arabesques, architect César Pelli wanted the Petronas Twin Towers to exude Malaysian culture and heritage.
The world’s tallest twin towers stand out in the capital’s otherwise unassuming cityscape. Visitors can see the views from the Skybridge, which connects the two structures and is the world’s highest two-story bridge at Level 41 and 42, as well as from the observation deck at Level 86.
Completed in 1996, the sky bridge that connects the two towers symbolizes “a gateway to the future” and Malaysia’s sky-high ambition entering the millennium.
Petronas Twin Towers, Jalan Ampang, Kualala Lumpur, Malaysia
13. Tokyo Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, Tokyo
Height: 204 meters
Cost to build: N/A
Completion date: October 2008
Fast fact It’s the second-tallest educational building in the world, next to the M.V. Lomonosov State University building in Moscow.
As the name suggests, the Tokyo Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower resembles the silky home of various larvae.
Students are educated inside the 50-level tower and metaphorically transformed into something bigger and more beautiful, culminating in generations of Tokyoites prepared to give this sprawling city, and country, focus.
According to the architects, Tange Associates, the design of the 50-level tower is meant to symbolize the nurturing of the students and transform them in order to compete in the Japanese workplace.
Tokyo Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, 1-7-3 Nishi-Shinjuku Shinjuku, Tokyo
14. Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai
Height: 492 meters
Cost to build: $1.2 billion
Completion date: August 2008
Fast fact: The square “bottle opener” opening at the top is designed to reduce stress of wind pressure, and was originally circular.
However, Shanghainese citizens and the city’s mayor protested, claiming it was too similar to the rising sun design of the Japanese flag.
Just eight meters shy of the half-kilometer mark, this giant bottle opener overtook Gin Mou Tower in 2008 as the tallest building in China, formally marking the city’s emergence as a global financial hub.
The building, however, recently lost its title to the neighboring Shanghai Tower, which topped out on August 3, 2012, at 632 meters.
Like many magnificent buildings in China, the Shanghai World Financial Center has a subtle connection to Chinese beliefs: the opening atop represents earth reaching up to the sky, symbolizing an interaction between the two realms.
Shanghai World Financial Center, No.100, Century Avenue, Pudong New Area, Shanghai China
15. Hotel & Casino Grand Lisboa, Macau
Height: 261 meters
Cost to build: $385 million
Completion date: 2008
Fast fact: Designed by Hong Kong architects Dennis Lau and Ng Chun Man, the golden structure combines the visual effects of crystals, fireworks and the long plumes of a Brazilian headdress – all symbols of prosperity to guide the money home.
In Macau, the Hotel & Casino Grand Lisboa is the eminent icon of gaudy profits.
It isn’t particularly beautiful, but who needs beauty when what you’re really after is piles of gamblers’ cash?
Everything linked with money can somehow be intertwined with superstitions in Macau. This, the tallest skyscraper in Macau (261 meters) was built to resemble a bottleneck to avoid the leaking of cash — a suggestion reportedly offered by a feng shui master.
Hotel & Casino Grand Lisboa, Avenida de Lisboa, Macau
16. Bahrain World Trade Center, Manama, Bahrain
Height: 240 meters
Cost to build: $150 million
Completion date: 2008
Fast fact: It was the world’s first wind-powered, mega-structure.
Atkins, the architectural firm behind the futuristic Bahrain World Trade Center, may have wanted to give the island’s skyline a big, bright slap in the chops.
But the maritime connection doesn’t stop at its stunning silhouette.
The two sail-inspired towers that reach vertically more than 240 meters are joined by three giant wind turbines in the middle to generate approximately 13% of the towers’ total energy needs.
In addition to showing its deep pockets, this emphatically sci-fi building speaks volumes about Bahrain’s environmental consciousness.
Bahrain World Trade Center, Manama, Bahrain; +973 1713 3666
17. Two International Finance Center (2IFC), Hong Kong
Height: 415 meters
Cost to build: $2.5 billion
Completion date: August 2008
Fast fact: In “Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life,” Lara Croft leaps off the building. In “The Dark Knight,” Batman leaps from 2IFC to IFC.
Two International Financial Center is the definitive point of Hong Kong’s skyline and a symbol of its wealth.
Located in the center of Hong Kong’s financial district, the shimmering 415-meter obelisk fits every criterion of a financial powerhouse.
The IFC was designed by César Pelli, the Argentine-American architect responsible for the Petronas Twin Towers and the World Financial Centre, among others.
It houses some of the world’s largest financial institutes – it’s located on 8 Finance Street and has 88 floors – the number eight is an auspicious digit in Hong Kong.
The building is topped with a crown that some liken to a beard trimmer.
IFC Hong Kong, 8 Finance St, Hong Kong
18. Burj al Arab, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Height: 321 meters
Cost to build: $650 million
Completion date: December 1999
Fast fact: The hotel isn’t, nor does it claim to be, a seven-star hotel.
That was a famous designation dreamed up by a creative journalist when touring the property.
Influenced by the shape of the dhow, the Burj al Arab isn’t just a popular computer monitor wallpaper; it has also established itself as the distinctive icon of extravagance in Dubai.
Sitting on a man-made island, the “sailboat” has a private beach and a private curving bridge that connects it to the rest of the city.
On the 24-meter-wide helipad, 300 meters above ground, Tiger Woods has teed off and Roger Federer and Andre Agassi once played a tennis match.
Burj al Arab, Jumeirah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; +971 4 301 7777
19. Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan
Height: 508 meters
Cost to build: $1.8 billion
Completion date: 2004
Fast fact: The building is designed to resemble a growing bamboo stalk, a symbol of everlasting strength in Chinese culture.
Taiwan doesn’t have many ostentatious records in its history, but Taipei 101, designed by local architect C.Y. Lee, brings one.
It was the first skyscraper to go past the half-kilometer mark and it sat at the pinnacle of the skyscraper world from 2004 to 2009.
Taipei 101 can also claim to have the world’s fastest passenger elevator.
At an ear-popping 1,010 meters per minute, it takes 37 seconds to catapult passengers from the fifth floor to the highest point in Taiwan.
Taipei 101, No. 45, Shìfǔ Rd, Xinyi District, Taipei City, Taiwan; open 9 a.m.-10 p.m. daily; tickets to the observatory NT$500 ($16.50)per person, children under 12 pay NT$450
20. Torre Agbar, Barcelona, Spain
Height: 142 meters
Cost to build: $130 million
Completion date: 2004
Fast fact: Torre Agbar’s design is inspired by a geyser shooting up, touching the sky above Barcelona.
“It has become not only a cultural symbol for Barcelona, but also a magnet for groups looking to bring attention to political issues.” – A. Eugene Kohn.
The 144-meter-high building was designed by French architect Jean Nouvel and has two cylindrical layers. One topped by polished aluminum and the second clear and translucent glass with 40 different colors.
With a total of 4,500 yellow, blue, pink and red lights placed over the facade, the building helps illuminate the city with floodlights at night, making it the most discernible figure for miles.
Torre Agbar, Avinguda Diagonal, 211, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
21. Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Height: 828 meters
Cost to build: $1.5 billion
Completion date: January 2009
Fast fact: Not only is this currently the world’s tallest building, it’s home to the world’s highest mosque, on the 158th floor.
The tower is more than twice the height of the Empire State Building in New York.
Standing 828 meters high and weighing half a million tons, Burj Khalifa towers above its city like a giant redwood in a field of daisies.
Gigantic doesn’t begin to describe it.
This “desert flower” stands out comfortably among other skyscrapers and has become the symbol of Dubai’s wealth.
It’s been the world’s tallest building since 2010, however this record may be broken soon by China’s Sky City, which is expected to be 838 meters tall once completed.
Burj Kahlifa, Emaar Blvd, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; open daily from 10 a.m.1 a.m.; tickets to the observatory deck cost AED125 ($34) with advanced booking and AED400 for immediate entry
22. 30 St. Mary Axe, London
Height: 180 meters
Cost to build: $212 million
Completion date: 2003
Fast fact: Despite its curvaceous body, the entire building has only one piece of curved glass in its construction – the lens at the top of the building.
“It’s extremely creative, and has had an enormous impact on the London skyline, particularly concerning its sculptural shape.” – A. Eugene Kohn.
Some say it’s in an egg shape; others call it the London Bullet Building or the Cucumber Building.
Officially named 30 St. Mary Axe, the harlequin-patterned building bulges out slightly from its base to reach a maximum height of 180 meters.
It stands at the center of London’s financial district.
Together with its energy-efficient designs, its aerodynamic shape also minimizes wind loads and doesn’t deflect wind to the ground, improving wind conditions in the vicinity, winning London pedestrians’ hearts.
30 St. Mary Axe, London
23. Turning Torso, Malmo, Sweden
Height: 190 meters
Cost to build: $80 million
Completion date: 2005
Fast fact: Tourists aren’t allowed in the building because it houses apartments and offices.
Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava wanted to recreate the natural movements of animals and humans in this building.
By crossing the boundaries of strict geometry and modern technologies in architecture, he came up with a masterpiece that has more than a twist in its tail.
The spine-like skyscraper turns a full 90 degrees from top to bottom. In order to follow the rotation, windows lean either inward or outward up to seven degrees.
In line with Sweden’s low-emission promise, the tallest residential building in the country is supplied with 100% locally produced renewable energy – a true symbol of modern Sweden.
Turning Torso, Lilla Varvsgatan 14, 211 15 Malm?, Sweden
24. One World Trade Center, New York
Height: 541 meters
Cost to build: $3.9 billion
Completion date: May 2013
Fast fact: The height of 1,776 feet is a symbolic reference to the year in which the United States’ Declaration of Independence was signed.
Part memorial, part statement, part billion-dollar office complex, One World Trade Center is one of the more controversial buildings of the new century.
Designed by David Childs (Skidmore Owings & Merrill), the skyscraper sits on the spot of the former 6 World Trade Center building, destroyed in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
It’s meant to be functional, as well as beautiful.
“We fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building,” Childs has said. “If this building doesn’t function well, if people don’t want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.”
Security features such as biological and chemical filters in the ventilation system, reinforced walls and pressurized stairwells, as well as a stairwell exclusively for firefighters, have been included in the event of a future emergency.
One World Trade Center, West Street/Vesey Street, New York
25. Marina Bay Sands, Singapore
Height: 194 meters
Cost to build: $6.3 billion
Opening date: April 2010
Fast fact: Marina Bay Sands is one of the world’s most expensive standalone casino properties, with total costs estimated at more than $6 billion.
It’s a little lopsided, with one end of the surfboard-like “SkyPark” overhanging one of the three towers by nearly 70 meters, but what Marina Bay Sands lacks in symmetry it makes up for in big numbers.
The hotel has 2,561 rooms.
There’s a 150-meter infinity swimming pool within the 340-meter SkyPark.
More than $6 billion went into the property’s development, including nearly $1 billion for the land.
But Las Vegas Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson expects to draw even by 2015 at the latest, with the casino alone generating annual profits of $1 billion.
Architect Moshe Safdie says the hotel’s design was inspired by a deck of cards. Feng Shui consultants were also involved in the design approval process, though the feng shui aspects of the build are controversial.
Some claim the swimming pool on top of the towers appears to drown the financial district of the city, while others say the water will bring opportunities.
Marina Bay Sands, 10 Bayfront Ave., Singapore;+65 6688 8868